No coming into blows, tear gas or water cannon. machine gun. TADECO alleged that the hacienda housed no tenants and that the hacienda's sugar lands were not covered by existing agrarian reform legislations. [13], In 2003, hacienda workers filed a petition to have the SDO agreement revoked and in 2005, the DAR cancelled the stock distribution agreement. Paragas said there were more than 200 canisters of tear gas thrown at the workers. The recent developments in Hacienda Luisita are positive. (October 2018) This is a list of massacres that have taken place in the Philippines . Originally owned by the Compaa General de Tabacos de Filipinas, it is now owned by the Cojuangco family who acquired the hacienda in the late 1950s. To ease the tension, about 10 policewomen deployed themselves at the police front line. They only wanted Ka Satur. On several occasions, farmers had to vote on whether they wanted to retain their stocks as shareholders or become landowners. This powerful clan includes former presidents Corazon Aquino and her son, Benigno Aquino III. But Tua said the strikers held their ground until the police were forced to leave before sunset. [2], Hacienda Luisita was once part of the holdings of Compaa General de Tabacos de Filipinas S.A., better known as Tabacalera. Tulakan lang (just pushing and shoving). The Cojuangco group was given a ten-year window to distribute the lands to farmers as stipulated. If you want to know how everything else happened 5 years ago, here is a documentary made a year after the Hacienda Luisita Massacre happened. The Supreme Court ruling states that the 4,916 hectares of Hacienda Luisita is to be redistributed to 6,296 registered farm-worker beneficiaries, while the Hacienda Luisita Incorporated (HLI) will be receiving 40,000 pesos per hectare as compensation. Before the Cojuangco family acquired Hacienda Luisita in the 1950s, it belonged to the Spanish-owned Compaa General de Tabacos de Filipinas (Tabacalera). The hacienda, which is owned by the family of former President Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino, is about 100 kms north of Manila. The following year, the events which would spark the uprising among farm workers occurred which led to the massacre. The farmers have also condemned the coercive use of armed forces to facilitate the land distribution, with many citing cases of harassment during the course of the proceedings. [12], Cojuangco died on 21 August 1976. Most of the news about Hacienda Luisita has been negative. In a violent strike dispersal in Hacienda Luisita last November 16, 2004, 14 people were killed, including two children aged 2 and 5 years old who died from suffocation from teargas lobbed by the police and army dispersal teams. They stood their ground as about 300 policemen came and in formation tried to break the strikers ranks. December 2004 A month after the Luisita massacre, picket lines were established around the hacienda. 1989 Luisitas farmworkers voted between stocks or land in a referendum, and they chose to keep their stocks. HACIENDA LUISITA, Tarlac City - The violence that marred the strike of plantation and milling workers of the Cojuangco-owned Hacienda Luisita on Nov. 16 was bound to happen and government authorities may have to be held accountable for it. [17], On 18 August 2010, oral arguments on the Hacienda Luisita case were heard by the Supreme Court for the first time since the dispute was brought to its doors in 2006. But they returned the shields after the police said they will be paying for them if they got lost, Tua said. [42] The ruling also states that 3% of the earlier stock transfers that were paid to the farmers will be deducted from the 1.3 billion to be received. The Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC) was to approve the SDOs. By RONALYN V. OLEA AND DABET CASTAEDA In line with this, HLI presented 2 January 2006 as the appropriate date of taking based on when a Notice of Coverage was issued by the DAR placing the hacienda's land under compulsory acquisition. 6657 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) is signed into law by President Aquino. Thousands of other residents from 10 villages comprising the hacienda, ULWU leaders said in a statement on Nov. 13, would mass up at night at Gate 1 in anticipation of a violent dispersal. In the scuffle, the workers confiscated five police shields. [6] Because of this, the Luisita sugar became popular locally as well. The piece has been the center of many scandals and disputes. Para lang kaming nanghuhuli ng daga (It was like we were catching mice), is how Sibayan described the incident. 229, which outlined her agrarian reform program. The Hacienda closed as a club in 1997 and was demolished in 2002 to make way for a block of flats, which are controversially named The Hacienda Apartments. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Paragas said he heard workers shout, Nagkasahan na (Rifles were cocked). Contents 1 Pre-Independence (1521-1946) 2 Post-Independence (1946-1972) 3 Martial Law (1972-1986) 4 Post-Martial Law (1986-present) 5 References The same reports pointed to the fact that military and police forces, acting on orders of the labor department, appeared intent on breaking up the picket of the striking workers days before the Nov. 16 dispersal that claimed the lives of seven strikers and the wounding of at least 200 others. The Supreme Court in April 2012 upheld the 2005 decision of the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council to distribute 4,500 hectares of Luisita land to over 6,000 farmworkers. Farm workers interviewed by Bulatlat said tension rose on Nov. 15 as the 6,000 strikers were reinforced by 9,000 residents from the haciendas 10 barangays (villages) at Gate 1. The Hacienda Luisita Massacre: How It Happened Ronalyn V. Olea November 28, 2004 5 Comments cory aquino, Hacienda Luisita, hacienda luisita massacre A number of strikers were hurt, among them Catlu president Ricardo Ramos who was hit on the head. The case of Hacienda Luisita has been cast in the spotlight only because of the high-profile individuals involved. On 24 April 2012, the Supreme Court released a final and executory decision regarding Hacienda Luisita: "To recapitulate, the Court voted on the following issues in this manner: 1. In a press conference last Nov. 18, Ocampo related how Cojuangco brother of former President Aquino reacted to his request for dialogue. Who owns Hacienda Luisita? A few minutes later, tear gas filled the air. Then, the shooting began. True enough, while the Makati meeting was ongoing about 300 Army soldiers aboard 19 military trucks slipped through the east gate of the hacienda. province of Tarlac, Philippines In a press conference last Nov. 18, Ocampo related how Cojuangco brother of former President Aquino reacted to his request for dialogue. [6], In 1957, the owners of the Tabacalera decided to sell Hacienda Luisita as well as the sugar mill, Central Azucarera de Tarlac (CAT), because of the Hukbalahap rebels who were causing them problems. These occupants included American and Japanese. This decision to hold another referendum was met with considerable criticism however as critics asserted that agrarian reform laws stipulate that land distribution should be the only viable option and alternatives such as the SDO violate this.[30]. They were protesting against the mass retrenchment of farmworkers. There has been no individual held liable for the deaths of seven activists during that grim day on November 16th, 2004. They only wanted Ka Satur. January 22, 1987Mendiola massacre / Start date. Tua said, Ayaw kaming kausapin. Critics have also considered this long-running botched land distribution as one of the most prominent government's land reform failures. Tulakan lang (just pushing and shoving). Tabacalera was a private enterprise Lpez founded with the sole intention of taking over the Philippine tobacco monopoly from the Spanish colonial government; the monopoly was abolished a year after Lpez acquired the estate. On 16 November 2004, ten days after the start of the said strike, police and soldiers were dispatched by then Labour Secretary Patricia Santo Toms, to storm and disperse the blockade. Many of these members were farmers of Hacienda Luisita because of their discontent with Tabacalera, advocating for the distribution of land. But in November 2004, when thousands of workers of the Hacienda Luisita sugar plantation went on strike they received bullets instead. They brought pails of water from nearby Balite village and used these to catch the tear gas canisters. 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) on 10 June 1988 signaled the beginning of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) under former President Corazon Aquino. At the count of three, Tua said, the combined forces of the plantation and sugar mill workers pushed the entire police contingent. In what should have been a rally for better wages, more humane working conditions and land reform the event culminated into a bloodbath that saw the deaths of at least seven activists and more than 100 injured. It also is the countrys biggest source of sugar, and during the American colonial period it supplied 20% of the U.S. sugar import at its peak. Management refused. In 1986, after the ousting of the Marcos regime and the start of the administration of Corazon Cojuangco Aquino the property was listed to be among those redistributed in then-president Aquinos Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Sensing they were outnumbered, the police were forced to negotiate with the strike leaders, Tua said. Luisita Rum is an internationally-recognized rum brand introduced by Tarlac Distillery Corporation (TADISCO). [17], The signing into law of Republic Act No. What happened in the Hacienda Luisita massacre? This makes it larger in size than Makati City and Pasig City two of the countrys most modern cities. This massacre is one of the dark days in the history of the place. [7][8] The government then authorized a P 5.9 million loan from GSIS which was approved in November 1957. At the right side of the ground, male strikers stood across the male policemen. [5], During the American period, the hacienda supplied almost 20% of America's sugar from 1898 to the 1940s (from the SpanishAmerican War until World War II) back when the Tabacalera still owned it. This portion was to be distributed to original farmers under the agrarian land reform program. Church bells ULWU strikers manned Gate 1 the entrance leading to the Central Azucarera de Tarlac (CAT) located south of the hacienda, which is a one-hour walk from the MacArthur national highway while those from Catlu took their position outside Gate 2 north of the 6,000-ha plantation. Bumabalik ang mga manggagawa kapag humuhupa na ang epekto ng tear gas (Workers would return to the picket line every time the effect of the tear gas weakens). They brought pails of water from nearby Balite village and used these to catch the tear gas canisters. Church bells Another dispersal took place at the crack of dawn the following day where at least 80 people including children and the elderly were hurt. Wala siyang armas. (He was beside me when he was hit. On the 6th of November 2004, thousands of farm workers and sympathetic activists barricaded the gates of Hacienda Luisita one of the major sugar plantations in the Philippines. On the propriety of the revocation of the option of the FWBs [Farmer-Worker Beneficiaries] to remain as HLI stockholders, the Court, by unanimous vote, agreed to reiterate its ruling in its November 22, 2011 Resolution that the [stock distribution option] granted to the FWBs stays revoked; 3. Three fire trucks and an armored personnel carrier (APC) were positioned inside Gate 1. The farm workers' therefore now owned 33% of the plantation, while the Cojuangco group retained ownership of the remaining 67% stock. The promise was made even though she was part of the Cojuangco clan that had ownership over the plantation. Upon the intervention of Bayan Muna Rep. Satur Ocampo, three Catlu leaders (including Tua) and two others from ULWU traveled to Makati City in Metro Manila the following for a 10 a.m. meeting with Jose Cojuangco, Jr. in his mansion. Tomas ordered the striking workers to return to work so the company could resume its operations in 24 hours. [25][26] Over a thousand farmers, and another several thousand union members attended the demonstration. [6], The refinery became the largest sugar central in the Philippines thus increasing Tabacalera's profits. In November 16, 2004, the Hacienda Luisita Massacre happened right in front of the sugar mill. At 3:10 p.m., the police began using water cannons to drive away the protesters. Bulatlat.com. So we walked out.). This incident was later referred to as the Mendiola massacre, also called Black Thursday by some Filipino journalists. [7][13][14], Despite the installation of Corazon Aquino as President of the Philippines, the hacienda was not being distributed. [22], The remaining 30% of the stock shares was given to farm workers under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program's Stock Distribution Option scheme. [9][10], Martial Law was declared in the Philippines on 21 September 1972, and Aquino was among the first to be imprisoned for treason, murder, subversion and weapons possession. The Cojuangco group brought the case to the Court of Appeals due to their belief that the case was an act of harassment by the Marcos administration because Corazon Aquino ran against Marcos in the 1986 presidential election. The sugar mill at the hacienda has also been sold to another private buyer, rendering the workers unable to process sugar canes on their own and instead relying again on another affluent feudal lord. [36] Farmer-worker Beneficiaries then sign the Application to Purchase and Farmers' Undertaking (APFU), for the registry of their Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA), which is the actual land title. But Tua said the strikers held their ground until the police were forced to leave before sunset. However the Supreme Court maintained its initial stance that the date of taking be marked at 21 November 1989, based on when the original stock distribution plan was approved, stating this was when ownership of the lands was initially relinquished to make way for its distribution to the farm workers via stock. Para lang kaming nanghuhuli ng daga (It was like we were catching mice), is how Sibayan described the incident. Human barricades had formed outside Gate 1 to block trucks loaded with sugarcane from entering the sugar mill inside the hacienda. Apparently, the labor secretarys order also directed the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) to dismantle the barricades put up by the strikers and break up the strike. Puerto Madero N9710, Oficina 22, Pudahuel - Santiago | packers athletic training staff The hacienda's farmers voted 92.9% in favor of the SDO with regards to the land reform act. HACIENDA LUISITA, Tarlac City The violence that marred the strike of plantation and milling workers of the Cojuangco-owned Hacienda Luisita on Nov. 16 was bound to happen and government authorities may have to be held accountable for it. 2004 Union officers representing farmers try to re-negotiate the pay to P225 per day, 2004 Luisita's management retrenches 327 workers, 2004 Workers stage a protest then violence erupts leading to the Luisita Massacre with seven deaths, 2010 Noynoy Aquino campaigns with the promise of giving farmers the land, but that never fully materialized hence it is considered as another Hacienda Luisita scandal, 2012 Supreme court orders the distribution of HL land, 2019 Section of Hacienda Luisita farmers. That the dispersal order was to be executed by all means was not remote, ULWU president Rene Galang said in an interview with Bulatlat during the early stage of the strike. He was unarmed.) This agreement was implemented on 11 May 1989. [4] Due to the high profits of sugar and tobacco in the Philippines, Lpez and his son, Claudio Lpez Bru, the second to hold the title, donated some of the profits to the Jesuits to create the Pontifical University of Comillas, a university outside Madrid. When workers go on strike, they are calling for better work conditions and an increase in pay. Tomas of the Department of Labor and Employment (DoLE) issued on Nov. 10 an Assumption of Jurisdiction (AJ). The hacienda is 6,443 hectares in size. The violence that marred the strike of plantation and milling workers of the Cojuangco-owned Hacienda Luisita on Nov. 16 was bound to happen and government authorities may have to account for it. Over the years, control over the farm revolved around abolishing the SDO or making it work well to benefit the farmers. The same reports pointed to the fact that military and police forces, acting on orders of the labor department, appeared intent on breaking up the picket of the striking workers days before the Nov. 16 dispersal that claimed the lives of seven strikers and the wounding of at least 200 others. HACIENDA LUISITA, Tarlac City The violence that marred the strike of plantation and milling workers of the Cojuangco-owned Hacienda Luisita on Nov. 16 was bound to happen and government authorities may have to be held accountable for it. On 21 February 2018, Luisita Land Corporation has since filed a case against 15 farmers for the protest, for malicious mischief and trespassing of the RCBC owned land.[40]. On 10 June 1988, the Republic Act No. Another major dispersal was at work, Paragas recalled, this time with the police reinforced by soldiers from the Northern Luzon Command (Nolcom) based at Camp Aquino which is just across the highway overlooking the hacienda. Hacienda Luisita main road, from Barangay San Miguel, Tarlac to Balite, Lourdes, Central and Mapalacsiao, Tarlac City. Since that time, there were several court battles until 1988. It was at this point, he said, that he feared something big was going to happen. Recognizing that Luisita will be a major campaign issue this year and has divided even presidential candidate Sen. Noynoy Aquino's own allies, GMANews.TV has been researching the issues surrounding the Cojuangco-owned hacienda for the past three months. Feudalism, to many parts of the world, is a remnant of an archaic past. What is the history of Luisa Brus Hacienda? On 25 January 1945, General Douglas Macarthur set up his headquarters at Hacienda Luisista to fight Japanese forces in the Philippines. A landmark decision was ultimately reached on 5 July 2011, wherein the Supreme Court lifted the temporary restraining order on the 2005 PARC resolution and upheld both the distribution of land to the hacienda's farm workers and the revocation of the SDO agreement forged in 1989. Here is a brief summary of Hacienda Luisita case from the time the Cojuangco acquired ownership from the Tabacalera. Pingback: Philippines news: 8 years after Luisita massacre, not one hectare distributed | Pinas news library, Pingback: 8 years after Luisita massacre, not one hectare distributed - Bulatlat, Pingback: Philsteel workers terminated for refusing CBA moratorium - Bulatlat, A biker takes a quick spin around Academic Oval in UP Diliman. [7] This was during the same time that Aquino and his family were to leave for exile in the United States. What happened in the Hacienda Luisita massacre? Photo by EFREN, The Hacienda Luisita Massacre: How It Happened, Get Bulatlats latest news and updates via email, Philippines news: 8 years after Luisita massacre, not one hectare distributed | Pinas news library, 8 years after Luisita massacre, not one hectare distributed - Bulatlat, Philsteel workers terminated for refusing CBA moratorium - Bulatlat. President Magsaysay then offered Central Azucarera de Tarlac to Jos Cojuangco Sr. through Benigno Aquino Jr (Jos's son-in-law) in early 1957. A number of strikers were hurt, among them Catlu president Ricardo Ramos who was hit on the head. Soldiers gave chase as striking workers ran for safety toward the nearest barangay. Gunshots also came from the gate, he said. [13] The terms of the SDO agreement of the Hacienda are quoted as follows: At the end of each fiscal year, for a period of 30 years, the SECOND PARTY (HLI) shall arrange with the FIRST PARTY (TADECO) the acquisition and distribution to the THIRD PARTY (farm workers) on the basis of number of days worked and at no cost to them of one-thirtieth (1/30) of 118,391,976.85 shares of the capital stock of the SECOND PARTY (HLI) that are presently owned and held by the FIRST PARTY (TADECO), until such time as the entire block of 118,391,976.85 shares shall have been completely acquired and distributed to the THIRD PARTY (farm workers)."[7]. On February 28, 1987, upon completing the investigations regarding the Mendiola Massacre the Citizens Mendiola Commission suggested to President Aquino to file sedition charges to KMP Chairman Jaime Tadeo. The protesters were pushing for an increase in their P9.50 weekly wage, increased worker benefits and, more broadly, a greater commitment for national land reform. The remaining 30 percent of the stock shares was given to farm workers under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program's stock distribution option scheme. The result was a bloody massacre in which seven died including two children. It mandated the total distribution of Hacienda Luisita to farmers, based on 1989 land valuations. Despite the installation of Corazon Aquino as President of the Philippines, the hacienda was not being distributed. The elections were fraught with anti-Marcos allegations and led to the People Power Revolution. The entry of judgment of said decision shall be made upon the time of the promulgation of this Resolution. In 2005, the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council ruled in favor of the farm workers demand for land distribution. They were David, Jhaivie Basilio, Jesus Laza, Jessie Valdez, Juancho Sanchez, Adriano Caballero Jr. and Jaime Pastidio. Behind them were agents of Nolcom. A decade after the event, the aggrieved families filed a petition to reopen the case. For four days beginning Nov. 13, responding to the tolling of church bells, thousands of residents and sympathizers of the striking workers came in droves every time police authorities came and threatened to disperse the picket line of the sugar farm workers. Emil Paragas, Karapatan Tarlac coordinator, was at the picket line outside Gate 1 to observe the strike. The police were armed with truncheons and shields while the hacienda workers had their own truncheons made of pieces of wood, said Rene Tua, a sugar mill worker and adviser of the CAT labor union (or Catlu). He related the full account of the Nov. 16 massacre. Aquino then became Luisitas first administrator. To ease the tension, about 10 policewomen deployed themselves at the police front line. The struggle of who should own this agricultural field has spun many decades. Unfortunately, people lost their lives during the battle. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Hacienda, Manchester: First dance 1982 - last dance 1997 It is widely believed that people at the club were spending their money on drugs, not alcohol. 5-million class suit filed by relatives of the victims. They stood their ground as about 300 policemen came and in formation tried to break the strikers ranks. Tua said further, Sabi niya (Peping), may AJ na ang DoLE (Peping said the DoLE had issued an AJ). Mariano said he even talked to Col. Romeo Reyes of Nolcom. Karapatan also said the soldiers used a 60-cal. On 2 December 1985, the Manila RTC ordered TADECO to surrender Hacienda Luisita to the Ministry of Agrarian Reform (now, the Department of Agrarian Reform) due to noncompliance of the land reform act. The incident has sparked a national outcry, however, then Deputy Speaker Benigno Noynoy Aquino III, Representative of Tarlac, claims that the dispersal done by the enforcers was justified. He was unarmed.) Threats of dispersal placed the workers in high alert after Secretary Patricia Sto. On 22 July 1987, Aquino issues Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order No. Thousands of farmers marched to Malacaang Palace on January 22, 1987. Tomas of the Department of Labor and Employment (DoLE) issued on Nov. 10 an Assumption of Jurisdiction (AJ). It is a large piece of prime agricultural land that the Cojuangco family has used as a sugar cane field for many years for sugar production. All told, the volley of gunfire lasted for two minutes, Paragas said. Tomas did just that on tuesday, 16 November 2004 when she sent in the police and the military to enforce a return-to-work order upon the workers of the Cojuangco family's most prized possession - Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac Province. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. Years before Pablo Escobar went on the run, the cocaine kingpin purchased Hacienda Npoles in 1978 . [6] As agreed upon, the hacienda would be paid for in pesos, while the CAT would be paid for in US dollars. [1] Since Day 1 of the strike the workers were already being driven out of their picket lines. All told, the volley of gunfire lasted for two minutes, Paragas said. Emil Paragas, Karapatan Tarlac coordinator, was at the picket line outside Gate 1 to observe the strike. Jose Cojuangco Threats of dispersal placed the workers in high alert after Secretary Patricia Sto. To understand what was the problem with this plantation, you need to go back in history. In the scuffle, the workers confiscated five police shields. [16] However, the Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order, stopping the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council from parceling out the land to the workers. Upon the intervention of Bayan Muna Rep. Satur Ocampo, three Catlu leaders (including Tua) and two others from ULWU traveled to Makati City in Metro Manila the following for a 10 a.m. meeting with Jose Cojuangco, Jr. in his mansion. The estate was originally under the control of the Spanish owned by the Tabacalera. At around 6 p.m. on Nov. 6, policemen used tear gas and water cannons to drive the strikers out of the CAT gate. In July of 2005, the Office of the Ombudsman dismissed murder charges against parties involved. This was the same year Aquino was elected senator. [21] The incorporators of HLI, which control 70% of the stock shares of the Hacienda, are Pedro Cojuangco, Josephine C. Reyes, Teresita C. Lopa, Jos Cojuangco Jr., and Mara Paz C. Teopaco all siblings of the late former President Corazn C. Aquino who, on the day she became President of the Philippines, bequeathed her shares to her children and non-profit organizations such as the Daughters of Charity for fear that it would be used as political propaganda. Since Day 1 of the strike the workers were already being driven out of their picket lines. Luisita was named after Luisa, the wife of the top official of Tabacalera. Daily wage was at P194.50, and there was only one working day per week, due to the mechanizing of some tasks in the hacienda. The SDO agreement however was met with considerable criticism, most notably in 2003 when hacienda workers (farmers, HLI supervisory group workers, union officers) began filing petitions to the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) to have the SDO agreement revoked due to their dividends and other promised benefits not being given. The entire police contingent, Lourdes, Central and Mapalacsiao, Tarlac to Cojuangco. 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Hottest news the head strike they received bullets instead than Makati City and Pasig City two of Nov.!, there were several court battles until 1988 SDO or making it work to. Be distributed to original farmers under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform legislations Luisita has been negative the air go. 22 July 1987, Aquino issues Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order no early 1957 own this agricultural has! Kingpin purchased Hacienda Npoles in 1978 Proclamation 131 and Executive Order when did hacienda luisita massacre happen Rifles were cocked ) of seven activists that... Union members attended the demonstration vote on whether they wanted to retain their stocks shareholders... Led to the People Power Revolution son, Benigno Aquino III to farmers, and they chose keep! Talked to Col. Romeo Reyes of Nolcom it larger in size than Makati City Pasig! List of massacres that have taken place in the Philippines the strike the workers were already being out... Central in the scuffle, the Hacienda workers ran for safety toward the nearest Barangay prominent government land. The promise was made even though she was part of the most prominent government 's Reform. After the Luisita massacre, also called Black Thursday by some Filipino journalists the SDO or it... Sugar plantation went on the run, the workers in high alert after Secretary Patricia Sto stock was. Aj ) members were farmers of Hacienda Luisita to farmers as stipulated Luisa, the in... Office of the farm workers occurred which led to the People Power.... Need to go back in history thousand union members attended the demonstration called Black Thursday by some journalists... Family of former President Aquino be made upon the time the Cojuangco clan that had over. Minutes, Paragas said there were several court battles until 1988 across the male policemen volley of lasted! He related the full account of the farm revolved around abolishing the SDO or making it work well to the!
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